periodic table color coded solid liquid gas

PERIODIC TABLE COLOR CODED SOLID LIQUID GAS FREE

Another important development was the discovery by pseudo-Geber (in the De inventione veritatis, 'On the Discovery of Truth', after c. 1300) that by adding ammonium chloride to nitric acid, a strong solvent capable of dissolving gold (i.e., aqua regia) could be produced. One of the first such uses was the synthesis of mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), whose production from the heating of mercury either with alum and ammonium chloride or with vitriol and sodium chloride was first described in the De aluminibus et salibus ('On Alums and Salts', an eleventh- or twelfth century Arabic text falsely attributed to Abu Bakr al-Razi and translated into Latin in the second half of the twelfth century by Gerard of Cremona, 1144–1187). However, it appears that in these early experiments with chloride salts, the gaseous products were discarded, and hydrogen chloride may have been produced many times before it was discovered that it can be put to chemical use. 865–925, Latin: Rhazes) were experimenting with sal ammoniac ( ammonium chloride), which when it was distilled together with vitriol (hydrated sulfates of various metals) produced hydrogen chloride. Early discoveriesĪround 900, the authors of the Arabic writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latin: Geber) and the Persian physician and alchemist Abu Bakr al-Razi ( c. The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times archaeologists have found evidence that rock salt was used as early as 3000 BC and brine as early as 6000 BC. Small quantities of elemental chlorine are generated by oxidation of chloride ions in neutrophils as part of an immune system response against bacteria. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing organic molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion. Other types of chlorine compounds are rare in living organisms, and artificially produced chlorinated organics range from inert to toxic. In the form of chloride ions, chlorine is necessary to all known species of life.

As a chemical warfare agent, chlorine was first used in World War I as a poison gas weapon. Elemental chlorine at high concentration is extremely dangerous, and poisonous to most living organisms. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of plastics, and other end products which do not contain the element.

The high oxidising potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial bleaches and disinfectants, and a reagent for many processes in the chemical industry. These crustal deposits are nevertheless dwarfed by the huge reserves of chloride in seawater.Įlemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis, predominantly in the chloralkali process. It is the second-most abundant halogen (after fluorine) and twenty-first most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element, and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it after the Ancient Greek χλωρός ( khlōrós, 'pale green') because of its colour.īecause of its great reactivity, all chlorine in the Earth's crust is in the form of ionic chloride compounds, which includes table salt. Carl Wilhelm Scheele wrote a description of chlorine gas in 1774, supposing it to be an oxide of a new element.

PERIODIC TABLE COLOR CODED SOLID LIQUID GAS FREE

However, the nature of free chlorine gas as a separate substance was only recognised around 1630 by Jan Baptist van Helmont. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine.Ĭhlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval alchemists, which commonly involved the heating of chloride salts like ammonium chloride ( sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride ( common salt), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as hydrogen chloride, mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), and aqua regia. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a chemical element it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

Periodic table color coded solid liquid gas